The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the ECF or the Advisory Board members. [...] Nev- ertheless, both the IPCC and UBA come to the same conclusion: the later and the more weakly GHG reduction measures are introduced, the greater the extent to which CDR will have to be used to achieve climate neutrality and negative emissions in the second half of this century. [...] Neverthe- less, reservoir conditions mainly determine the purity, temperature and pressure of CO2 during in- jection as rock properties like the permeability and the porosity of rocks and the prevailing pressure of formation water4 in the reservoir can affect the amount and rate of injected CO2 enormously (IPCC 2005; BGR 2015; Wallmann 2023; IEA 2022). [...] The severity and the associated effects of leakage always depend on the volume released, the duration of release and the form of the released CO2 (EC 2009; HSE 2011). [...] Prior to entering the pipeline, the pressure of the CO2 stream needs to be adjusted to meet with the requirements of the pipeline.
Authors
- Pages
- 110
- Published in
- Germany
Table of Contents
- Table of Contents 3
- List of Figures 5
- List of Tables 6
- List of Boxes 6
- List of Abbreviations 6
- Summary 9
- 1 Introduction 11
- 2 Carbon storage projects 13
- 3 Risks of carbon storage 20
- 3.1 Technical risks 23
- 3.1.1 Carbon transport 23
- 3.1.2 Carbon injection 32
- 3.2 Geological risks and permanence of carbon storage 36
- 3.2.1 Geological pathways 36
- 3.2.2 Permanence 38
- 3.3 Environmental hazards of carbon storage 39
- 3.3.1 Release scenarios 39
- 3.3.2 Hazards to human health 40
- 3.3.3 Hazards to marine environments 42
- 3.3.4 Resource interaction risks 46
- 3.3.5 Indirect impacts of marine CO2 storage 47
- 3.4 Socio-economic and political risks 48
- 3.5 Risk management 51
- 3.5.1 Containment risk analysis (CRA) 53
- 3.5.2 Monitoring, measurement, and verification programmes 55
- 3.6 Experiences gathered with carbon storage projects 58
- 3.6.1 Sleipner (Norway) 58
- 3.6.2 In Salah (Algeria) 61
- 3.6.3 Snøhvit (Norway) 62
- 3.6.4 Gorgon (Australia) 64
- 3.7 Summary and conclusions 65
- 4 Landscape of policy positions 69
- 4.1 European Parliament groups 69
- 4.2 Industry associations 70
- 4.3 Companies or projects 72
- 4.4 NGOs 73
- 4.5 Conclusions 75
- 5 Policy design 76
- 5.1 Overview of important current governance mechanism 76
- 5.2 CO2 stream composition 76
- 5.3 Transport 77
- 5.3.1 By pipelines 77
- 5.3.2 By ship, train or truck 77
- 5.3.3 Transporting across borders for storage under the sea 78
- 5.4 Site selection 78
- 5.4.1 Conditions for storage under the sea 78
- 5.4.2 Example of a national application 78
- 5.5 Storage permits 79
- 5.6 Operational phase 80
- 5.7 Information for the public and public participation 81
- 5.8 Leakage and liability 82
- 5.8.1 Emissions Trading System Directive 82
- 5.8.2 Carbon Capture and Storage Directive 83
- 5.9 Conclusions 84
- 6 Bird’s eye view of challenges and options 87
- 6.1 Governance challenges 87
- 6.2 Varying degree of government involvement 88
- 6.3 Conclusions 91
- 7 Conclusions and recommendations 92
- 8 References 96
