EU Research and Innovation Policy and Skills Development Support 34 Annex I: R&D spending and capital expenditure in the EU and the US 35 Annex II: Analysis of Patterns in intra-EU and extra-EU trade in knowledge- and technology-intensive goods and services 36 Chemicals and Chemical Products 37 Computer, Electronic, and Optical Products 38 Electrical Equipment 40 Machinery and Equipment 41 Motor V. [...] Typically, accepting new technology takes the form of a normal distribution, with the innovators or early adopters at the left tail, followed by the early majority and late majority in the middle of the distribution, and finally, the late adopters or laggards at the other tail. [...] The Role of Exports and Imports Measuring technology creation and diffusion can be approached by analysing the exports and imports of knowledge and technology-intensive (KTI) products and services. [...] The EU’s Struggle to Close Gaps in ICT Skills and STEM Education While the EU has strengths in STEM education and digital skills in certain regions, the internal disparities and current shortfall in ICT specialists pose risks to its global competitiveness, especially against the backdrop of rapid advancements in China and the enduring innovation capabilities of the US. [...] H ow Uneven Digital Skills and Intensities Impact Competitiveness and Equality in the EU The disparity in digital intensities across the EU mirrors the uneven distribution of digital skills, limiting Eastern Europe’s participation in the digital economy and risking deeper inequalities, reduced competitiveness, and potential talent migration without targeted investments in digital skills and infras.
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- Belgium
Table of Contents
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2
- TABLE OF CONTENTS 4
- 1. TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION WHY ITS CRITICAL FOR EUROPES FUTURE COMPETITIVENESS 5
- Understanding Technology Diffusion 5
- The Importance of Distinguishing Technology Creation from Technology Diffusion 7
- The Role of Exports and Imports 7
- Why Is Technology Diffusion Becoming More and More Important for the EU 8
- 2. KTI PRODUCTS AND SERVICES ENGINES OF TECHNO- LOGICAL PROGRESS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 10
- 2.1. EU Trade in KTI Products and Services with Major Partner Countries 12
- 2.1.1. EU KTI Products Trade 12
- 2.1.2. EU KTI Services Trade 13
- 2.2. Trade and Technology Diffusion Key Insights from KTI Sectors 15
- 2.2.1. Contributors to Technology Creation in the EU 16
- 2.2.2. Beneficiaries of Technology Diffusion in the EU 17
- 2.2.3. Net Contributors to Technology Diffusion 19
- 2.3. The Vital Role of Open Trade in Driving Technology Diffusion and EU Competitiveness 19
- 2.4. How Imported Tech Services Fuel EU Knowledge- Intensive Sectors 23
- 3. THE CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DISPARITIES BETWEEN WESTERN AND EASTERN EUROPE 25
- 3.1. Industry Specialisation and the High-Tech Gap Between Western and Eastern Europe 25
- 3.2. The EUs Struggle to Close Gaps in ICT Skills and STEM Education 27
- 3.3. How Uneven Digital Skills and Intensities Impact Competitiveness and Equality in the EU 29
- 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND POLICY RECOMMENDA- TIONS TO PUSH TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION IN THE EU 30
- 4.1. The Need to Recognise Diffusion Capacity 30
- 4.2. EU Single Market Policymaking and the Precautionary Principle 31
- 4.3. Horizontal Digital Policies 32
- 4.4. EU Cooperation and Leadership in Global Trade and Investment Policy 33
- 4.5. Regulatory Cooperation with Like-Minded Partners 33
- 4.6. EU Research and Innovation Policy and Skills Development Support 34
- ANNEX I RD SPENDING AND CAPITAL EXPENDITURE IN THE EU AND THE US 35
- ANNEX II ANALYSIS OF PATTERNS IN INTRA-EU AND EXTRA- EU TRADE IN KNOWLEDGE- AND TECHNOLOGY-INTENSIVE GOODS AND SERVICES 36
- Chemicals and Chemical Products 36
- Pharmaceuticals Medicinal Chemical and Botanical Products 37
- Computer Electronic and Optical Products 38
- Electrical Equipment 40
- Machinery and Equipment 41
- Motor Vehicles Trailers and Semi-Trailers 42
- Other Transport Equipment 43
- Publishing Audiovisual and Broadcasting Activities 44
- Telecommunications 45
- Computer Programming Consultancy and Information Services Activities 46
- Professional Scientific and Technical Activities 48
- ANNEX III TRADE IN KNOWLEDGE- AND TECHNOLOGY- INTENSIVE PRODUCTS 50
