The military has been the backbone of Syria’s government for most of the country’s history. The civil war that broke out in 2011 has only increased the importance of the armed forces, even as they have decayed structurally. 1 As active fighting ebbed in recent years, President Bashar al-Assad has moved to reorganize his war-torn security apparatus, firming up his grip on irregular militias and promoting a new generation of officers to the top ranks. 2
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- United States of America
