The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the policy or position of The Japan Institute of International Affairs or any other organization with which the author is affiliated. [...] However, a separate ideology remains connected to the regime and authority, and the placement of indoctrination of that ideology at the center of education and learning is the same as in the time of Confucianism’s prominence. [...] The preamble to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China provides a case in point with its mention of recent history leading up to the Chinese Communist Party’s assumption of power. [...] In that case, why do they engage in such behavior? Some say the riotous behavior in these “demonstrations” is comparable to the action taken by the Boxers in 1900 or the Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution because it caters to the wishes of the government. [...] In both the urban riots and the attacks on Christian churches, the masses were manipulated by the literati to engage in behavior that represented the latter’s intent.
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