The economic impact of the European Union's approach to strategic autonomy

An alternative way of estimating the economic impacts of trade policy is to draw on estimates in the empirical literature regarding the long-run responsiveness of income to changes in trade, and to use the trade effects computed through our modelling to infer changes to EU national income per capita. [...] The primary interest of this research lies in how far the pursuit of strategic autonomy creates restrictions on international trade or raises the costs of international trade, and what the economic implications of this are for the EU. [...] The impact of of their potential dual military and civilian the policy is likely to increase the more the EU frontier economics | Confidential 20 Name of policy/regulation/initiative Observations on trade-restrictive elements Priority based on likely materiality of and objectives impact, and options for modelling use. [...] Amendments agreed by the Council standardisation bodies and European Parliament potentially give a more restrictive orientation by calling for the exclusive participation of national standardisation bodies in the decision-making process To the extent that ESOs follow the requirements of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade regarding the use of international regulations and standards, t. [...] The rate would be the ad valorem equivalent (AVE) of the carbon price levied per tonne of emission, with the rate depending on the carbon content of the product.