Political Economy Paper October 2022 - Contested Identities; Competing Accountabilities: The Making of a

But they are also found in systemic pressures mounted by influential civil society actors, such as the upper-class families of Lahore and Karachi in the late 1970s who led the expansion of high-cost private schooling in the country to counter the perceived negative effects of nationalised education services by the state in the early 1970s. [...] A good case of the persisting effects of such politics on Pakistan’s learning processes lies in efforts to reform the nature of the contract between teachers and the state: between 2002 and 2008, teachers were allowed to be recruited on non- 5 Non-majority because in the General Elections of 1970, the larger share of the vote belonged to the Awami League that operated out of East Pakistan (the par. [...] Similar to the tactics used by the colonialists of introducing a new class of Khans and Nawabs from within their own ranks to challenge the old way of living, the religious actors were viewed as a modern version of creating fiefdoms influenced by the power of religiosity. [...] What shall be kept in mind during this process is the underlying principle of a technique known as analytic induction – not all coded/categorised pieces of data reinforce or confirm the literature, and every time such deviant data/cases arise, the research requires a revisit to both the nature of the research questions guiding the hypothesis of the study as well as the final analytical output that. [...] 28 The use of the term (re)construct is deliberate (in contrast to just reconstruction): it acknowledges researcher bias present in the field and in the writing of analysis as the researcher is one of the tools of a qualitative project, but attempts to minimise this bias through reflexive practice as participants’ experiences are built back up for research presentation.