Lithosphere
A lithosphere (Ancient Greek: λίθος [líthos] for "rocky", and σφαίρα [sfaíra] for "sphere") is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater. The crust and upper mantle are distinguished on the basis of chemistry and mineralogy.
WikipediaPublications
PIK: Potsdam-Institut fur Klimafolgenforschung · 21 March 2024 English
We present transient simulations of the last glacial inception using the Earth system model CLIMBER-X with dynamic vegetation, interactive ice sheets, and visco-elastic solid Earth responses. The simulations are initialized …
lower RSL due the forebulge of the flexed elastic lithosphere. The bedrock deformation and depression is largest … continuum in the spherical domain for the mantle and lithosphere of the Earth. The fluid core and loading processes …
MRG: Minority Rights Group International · 29 February 2024 English
37 BY GUDMUNDUR ALFREDSSON AND ERIKA FERRER Abbreviations and Terms used in the Text 1503 procedure - Named after the number of the Convention on the Rights of the Child …
December 1998. Typeset by Texture. Printed by Lithosphere on recycled paper. THE AUTHORS Gudmundur Alfredsson …
ORF: Observer Research Foundation · 23 February 2024 English
Recent geopolitical realignments have created a state of uncertainty in the global economy. Supply chain disruptions, which began with the COVID-19 pandemic, have worsened following the conflict in Ukraine and …
com/2010/09/23/business/global/23rare.html Lithosphere Crude ore Refined mineral High grade minerals …
IIC: India International Centre · 12 February 2024 English
How does the Indian plate move and what is the configuration of the faults? The Indian plate is moving towards the north east and then it collides with the Eurasian …
the structure and composition of the entire lithosphere? We need to have the monitoring stations, but … also provide knowledge of the structure of the lithosphere. We now have satellite CHAMP which can provide … orders of stresses occur on the continental lithosphere. The first order stress, extending to thousands …
American Gas Association · 5 February 2024 English
Gas is a clean, abundant, and the preferred form of energy used by a large percentage of the United States population, and to exclude it as a foundational element to …
which moves carbon between the atmosphere and lithosphere over 100-200 million years.12 Thus, bioenergy …
UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation · 2024 English
oceanic crust subducts beneath Caribbean plate lithosphere (Benz et al, 2011). In addition to the local … volcanoes clearly indicate subduction of oceanic lithosphere along the Central American and Atlantic Ocean … southward- verging under-thrusting of Caribbean lithosphere beneath the northern coast of South America …
PIK: Potsdam-Institut fur Klimafolgenforschung · 7 December 2023 English
Global water models are increasingly used to understand past, present and future water cycles, but disagreements between simulated variables make model-based inferences uncertain. Although there is empirical evidence of different …
to other components, such as the biosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere and human activities (for example …
PIK: Potsdam-Institut fur Klimafolgenforschung · 6 December 2023 English
In the last decades, great effort has been made to reconstruct the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ca. 21 000 years before present, 21 kyr …
glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) via the elastic lithosphere- relaxed asthenosphere (ELRA) method (Meur and …
PIK: Potsdam-Institut fur Klimafolgenforschung · 5 December 2023 English
Venus today is inhospitable at the surface, its average temperature of 750 K being incompatible to the existence of life as we know it. However, the potential for past surface …
Perchuk et al. 2018). Delamination of the mantle lithosphere in long-lived accre- tionary orogens controlled … (1) cooling and strengthening of the oceanic lithosphere that stabilized continued long-lived subduction … mobilization (horizontal velocity and inclusion of the lithosphere in the con- vective cell). Several studies that … models that consider plastic yielding of the lithosphere and couple the interior evolution to a grey atmosphere … lid (Lourenço et al. 2020): recycling of the lithosphere by eclogitic dripping and delamination, with …
WMO: World Meteorological Organisation · 30 November 2023 English
Readers who copy hyperlinks by selecting them in the text should be aware that additional spaces may appear immediately following http://, https://, ftp://, mailto:, and after slashes (/), dashes (-), …
the one hand and the hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere on the other over time. The discipline … permafrost and seasonally frozen ground). The surface lithosphere is the upper layer of the solid Earth, including …
