Outer Space

Outer space is the expanse that exists beyond Earth and between celestial bodies. Outer space is not completely empty—it is a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium, as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust, and cosmic rays. The baseline temperature of outer space, as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang, is 2.7 kelvins (−270.45 °C; −454.81 °F). The plasma between galaxies accounts for about half of the baryonic (ordinary) matter in the universe; it has a number density of less than one hydrogen atom per cubic …

Wikipedia

Publications

ADB: Asian Development Bank · 26 April 2024 English

This study examines the impacts of 3G internet connectivity on COVID-19 case rates across districts in Indonesia.

Weil. 2012. “Measuring Economic Growth from Outer Space.” American Economic Review, 102 (2): 994–1028


RAND Corporation · 25 April 2024 English

This report summarises the findings of a RAND study on the intersection of emerging technologies with the space domain out to 2040. It considers the implications of future technology trends …

United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space CSpO Combined Space Operations Initiative Communications OST Outer Space Treaty 1967 PAROS Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space PLA Polylactic normative or legal mechanisms (e.g., building on the Outer Space Treaty [OST] of 1967, the Liability Convention making sure national legislation (i.e., the UK Outer Space Act of 1986), regulations, licensing regimes (ISRU) to construct new types of structure in outer space, or the invention of technical means for sustaining


EPRS: European Parliamentary Research Service · 25 April 2024 English

While virtual worlds can boost children's creativity and motivation to learn and even help them heal from diseases, they also pose multiple challenges, not least regarding privacy and exposure to …

otherwise (most likely) never visit or see (such as outer space, the depths of the ocean or microscopic chemical


ORF: Observer Research Foundation · 24 April 2024 English

Introduction The US’s relationship with Ukraine has evolved since the end of the Cold War when the latter became an independent country. A crucial development came in 2014 when Russia …

Ban Treaty, which prohibits nuclear testing in outer space or the atmosphere.46 A violation of the treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water, October 10, 1963, https://2009-2017


MP-IDSA: Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses · 23 April 2024 English

The Philippines needs to immediately stop violating China’s sovereignty and provoking China, honour its commitments, act on the understandings and consensus between the two sides, observe the Declaration on the …

China, Thailand to cooperate in peaceful use of outer space, lunar exploration missions Global Times, April ip-08cc9d50 exploration and peaceful use of outer space and an MoU on cooperation in the international


ORF: Observer Research Foundation · 20 April 2024 English

Recently, there have been several cybersecurity policy announcements relevant to outer space. The European Space Agency (ESA) came out with a policy document, ESA Security for Space: Shaping the Future

Enhancing Cybersecurity in Outer Space Home / Research / Essay Series / Commentaries AUTHOR : RAJESWARI cybersecurity policy announcements relevant to outer space. The European Space Agency (ESA) came out with Commission (CSC) report made the case for identifying outer space as 17th critical infrastructure sector, with digitalization at a rapid pace in the post-COVID period. Outer space security, even as it is equally critical, was of the vulnerabilities and gaps in securing outer space. But today with growing interconnectedness between


AALCO: Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization · 16 April 2024 English

The Verbatim Record of Discussions contains the texts of the statements of the Inaugural Session, the three meetings of the Delegations of the Member States, five general meetings and the …

October 2023, at 12:00 PM 145 − Legal Issues in Outer Space iii XII. Fourth General Meeting (contd.) held Asset Recovery Expert Forum 7. Legal Issues in Outer Space III. Any Other Matter - Fifth Meeting of the Asset Recovery Expert Forum, Legal Issues in Outer Space and Reforms related to Investor-State Dispute Asset Recovery Expert Forum; 7. Legal Issues in Outer Space; and 8. Reforms related to Investor State Dispute “Asset Recovery Expert Forum”; “Legal Issues in Outer Space”; and “Reforms related to Investor-State Dispute


CIGI: Centre for International Governance Innovation · 8 April 2024 English

The current focus is on the strategic Russia and China, as well as the implications importance of satellite ground stations in the of the involvement of the North Atlantic Treaty …

bachelor’s degree at Cornell University. OST Outer Space Treaty SSC Swedish Space Corporation vi CIGI Boschetti and Ioannis Nikas treaties, such as the Outer Space Treaty (OST),1 Executive Summary provide limited Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies potential repercussions states peaceful access to outer space, bans the extending beyond mere military objectives


MP-IDSA: Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses · 5 April 2024 English

They also operationalises the change made in June discussed a range of issues relating to 2023 to the Development Assistance bilateral relations, and agreed to work Charter, the basic document …

“most important diplomatic tools” and such as outer space and cybersecurity. noted that building a peaceful


CAPS: Centre for Air Power Studies · 5 April 2024 English

IAF sources said that the proposed upgrading Till the US-made Boeing C-17 Globemaster programme would enable the fleet to continue was inducted into the IAF in 2013, the IL-76 was …

said, this weapon would contravene the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which Sandra Erwin | 11 March 2024 bans


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